Morgellons Disease

Morgellons Disease or as its better known as just Morgellons, is a mysterious skin disorder that was first described more than 300 years ago. The skin disease is characterized by multi-colored fiber-like (filamentous) strands extruding from the skin in conjunction with various dermatologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Some of these multi-colored fibers (filamentous) are of microscopic size, while others have the appearance of fibers and granules coming out of the skin that can be seen growing with the naked eye. The multi-colored fibers range in color: white, blue, black, red and are often regarded by the medical community as common house hold lint.

Swine flu and pregnancy

Here is a collection of recent articles from around the web related to swine flu and pregnancy.


Swine flu woman taken to Sweden
A pregnant British woman critically ill with swine flu has been flown to a Swedish hospital for specialist treatment.
The 26-year-old from Ayrshire is suffering a rare complication.
She has been transferred to Stockholm because there are no beds available in the UK for the procedure she needs.
The Scot was admitted to Crosshouse Hospital in Kilmarnock last week where she was put on a ventilator because of an extreme reaction to the H1N1 virus.
Meanwhile, a new website to diagnose people with swine flu crashed within minutes of launching yesterday as it was deluged with thousands of hits a second.

www.msn.com


Swine flu pregnancy tips reissued

The Department of Health has attempted to clarify its guidelines to expectant mothers and parents with children under five on how best to avoid swine flu.

Its advice to practise good hygiene by washing hands and surfaces regularly has been re-issued after a woman with the virus died soon after giving birth.

The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) says all expectant mothers should avoid crowded places and unnecessary travel.

But the DoH says only the "particularly concerned" should consider the advice.

Concern over the effects of swine flu on new and expectant mothers has heightened since the death of Ruptara Miah, 39, in London's Whipps Cross Hospital on 13 July. Her baby is said to be very ill in intensive care.

Another child under six months old, who died in London, is also among the latest victims of the virus.


Swine flu advice for pregnant women from the Royal College of Midwives
The refreshed DoH advice has been given greater prominence on its website.

Health experts say expectant mothers could suffer possible complications if they contract swine flu, such as pneumonia, breathing difficulties and dehydration, because they have suppressed immune systems. Young children are also vulnerable.

Most mothers-to-be with swine flu are being prescribed Relenza, an inhaled antiviral drug which treats the virus without reaching the foetus. However, where it is particularly severe, doctors can offer Tamiflu instead.

'Informed decision'

The NHS website stresses that most expectant mothers who contract swine flu will only have mild symptoms and recover within a week.

Earlier, advice on the National Childbirth Trust (NCT) website had sparked consternation for suggesting women delay pregnancy, but the NCT has subsequently played down fears.

Belinda Phipps, chief executive of the NCT, said that while the risks for expectant mothers were low, women needed information to make an informed decision.

"If you are pregnant, you are slightly more susceptible to all infections. One of them is swine flu.

"It is important that pregnant women know that - and particularly other members of the population know that - so that they behave responsibly and if they are sick they don't go and put themselves close to a pregnant woman."



Alan Johnson: NCT advice "an overreaction"
The Department of Health said it advised women to plan their pregnancy carefully, but was not advising against trying to conceive.

"Mums-to-be are more vulnerable to any type of flu. It is particularly important that anyone who has existing health problems and is thinking about starting a family should talk to their GP first, as they normally would," a DoH spokesman said.

Louise Silverton, deputy general secretary of the RCM, said women could not be expected to wait for the first wave of the pandemic to end before trying for a baby.

Speaking on BBC One's Andrew Marr Show, Alan Johnson, the new home secretary, said an unexpected aspect of the virus was that it was attacking the young, not the elderly as with seasonal flu.

He called on parents to keep using their common sense, saying the "vast majority" had been following public health advice.

'Still confused'

But Elina Trofimczuk, who is pregnant, said she is still confused.

"It is obviously concerning. Also the fact that they're advising us to avoid crowded places, I think that is quite confusing to us, as I work in a busy shopping centre."

Twenty-nine people have now died in the UK after contracting swine flu - 26 in England and three in Scotland.

The government has warned that the number of deaths from the virus this winter in the UK could reach between 19,000 and 65,000.

However, during the 1999 to 2000 winter, seasonal flu deaths reached 21,000 and even during average winters there are normally anywhere between 6,000 to 8,000 deaths.

www.bbc.co.uk


Pregnancy and swine flu
Mums-to-be run a higher risk of catching swine flu because the immune system is naturally suppressed during pregnancy, and they are also more likely to develop complications such as pneumonia. These risks of complications are greater during the second and third trimesters. There have been over 100, 000 new cases of swine flu in the UK over the past week, and while most have been mild, the government has issued special advice concerning pregnancy:

At present, pregnant women are not advised to avoid work, public transport, events and family gatherings, but you can take the following precautions to reduce the risk of infection:

- Avoid unecessary travel and crowds where possible.
- Avoid people who are infected or think they may have swine flu. If someone close to you or someone in your family has swine flu, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medication as a precaution.

In addition, make sure you maintain the advised levels of hygiene to reduce the risk of catching and spreading swine flu:


Wash your hands frequently
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue if you cough of sneeze
Dispose of dirty tissues immediately
Clean hard surfaces such as door handles frequently.
What should I do if I think I have swine flu?
A National Pandemic Flu Service and website www.pandemicflu.direct.gov.uk have been set up for enquiries and diagnosis. However, pregnant women should phone their GP immediately if they suspect they have swine flu. Early diagnosis is important. A friend or relative will be able to pick up medication if it is required, but you should not go into a doctor's surgery or hospital to avoid spreading the disease.

http://www.sofeminine.co.uk

Alternative therapies for conditions, treating conditions without drugs F-Z

Flu
Gelsemium: Symptoms of fatigue and aching that come on gradually, increasing over
several days, may indicate a need for this remedy. The face feels heavy, with droopy
eyes. A headache may begin at the back of the neck and skull, and the person may
feel chills and heat running up and down the spine. Anxiety, trembling, dizziness,
perspiration, and moderate fever are other indications for Gelsemium.
Oscillococcinum: Oscillococcinum is the Boiron brand of a remedy widely used in
Canada, the US, and Europe for treating fl u symptoms. Lots of good research has
shown that it has strong antiviral effects. Use this at the fi rst sign of fl u symptoms
that include fever, chills, body aches and pains, and headaches.
Combination recommendation: PascoLeucyn by Pascoe

Headache
Belladonna: Major throbbing or pounding head pain that starts at the back of the skull or upper neck and spreads to the forehead and temple (especially on the right) may indicate a need for this remedy. Pain is worse from jarring, light, and noise. For some reason, headaches that require Belladonna are worse around 3 p.m. Pupils may be dilated, with sensitivity to light, and the person may either feel delirious or drowsy.
Spigelia: Excruciating headaches usually present on the left side of the head, with violent
throbbing, or stabbing pains above or through the eyeball. Pain extends through
the face and is worse from any movement or touch. The person may feel better from
lying on the right side with the head supported, and keeping very still.
Combination recommendation: Antimigren by Pascoe

Infertility
Folliculinum: Women who have challenges getting pregnant could fi nd success with
this remedy if they have irregular menstrual cycles that are often weeks delayed, with aheavy, clotty flow. Often women in this state feel a loss of will and are full of self-denial. As the exception to the dosing recommendations for the rest of the homeopathics listed
in this chapter, dissolve three pills of Folliculinum 30CH under your tongue once daily on days 0 to 10 unless otherwise recommended by a homeopathic doctor.
Luteinum: Infertile women who need this remedy typically have either polycystic
ovaries, fi broids, or endometriosis and often have estrogen dominance without even
knowing it. Strong indications that this remedy is appropriate are early menstruation
and short cycles, which represent a possible luteal phase defect. As the exception to
the dosing recommendations for the rest of the homeopathics listed in this chapter,
dissolve three pills of Luteinum 30CH under your tongue once daily on days 16 to
menses unless otherwise recommended by a homeopathic doctor.
Combination recommendation: None known

Menopause
Lachesis: Intense hot fl ashes with purple-red fl ushing, palpitations, and feelings of pressure, congestion, and constriction may indicate a need for this remedy. Tight
clothing around the neck and waist may be impossible to tolerate. The unique symptom
of this picture is loquacity (extremely talkative), with a strong tendency to feel
suspicious.
Sepia: This remedy can be helpful if a woman’s periods are sometimes late and scanty.
It is best used from the middle to the end of menopause (12–24 months after the last
period). During the wind-down, menses can be heavy. The uterus feels weak and saggy,
and there may be cravings for vinegar and sour foods. Women who need this remedy
usually feel dragged-out and weary, emotionally distraught, and fatigued.
Combination recommendation: PascoeFemin by Pascoe

Sprains/Strains
Arnica montana: This is the most popular remedy in homeopathic literature and is
best for recent traumatic injuries. It is brilliant for bruises, sprains, and concussions.Arnica can be helpful for soft tissue damage caused by surgery and dental work. It can also be given preventatively before an anticipated injury (i.e., sports), and used to treat the soreness afterward. It is also helpful in preventing shock.
Bellis perennis: This remedy is useful for deeper tissue injuries from falls, car accidents,
and major surgery. Often the patient has a feeling of stiffness or coldness in the
injured area. If Arnica has been given for an injury—especially a strain or bruise—but
has not had much effect, try Bellis perennis next.
Combination recommendation: Traumeel by Heel

Urinary Tract Infections
Berberis vulgaris: This remedy is for severe cutting or burning pain that extends to the urethral opening, which may also burn at times when there is no attempt at urination.
After emptying the bladder, the person feels as if some urine still remains inside.
Urging and discomfort are often worse from walking.
Cantharis: A strong urge to urinate accompanied by cutting pains that are felt before
the urine passes is a sign that this remedy is appropriate. Some describe the cutting
feeling as a scalding sensation when only a few drops of urine pass at a time. The
person often feels as if the bladder has not been emptied.
Combination recommendation: Pascosabal by Pascoe

Varicose Veins
Carbo vegetabilis: When varicose veins are accompanied by general poor circulation
with icy coldness of the extremities, and a bruised or marbled look, use Carbo veg.
The person’s legs feel weak and heavy, and often itch and burn.
Hamamelis: This remedy can help when varicose veins are large and sore, and very
weak and easily damaged, with a tendency to bleed. The pain is described as a bruise
or sometimes a stinging sensation. The muscles of the legs feel tired.
Combination recommendation: Endangitin R63 by Reckeweg

Alternative therapies, non pharmacological methods for conditions A-E

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENTS

Each health concern below has two single homeopathic remedies and one combination
remedy that are most successful in treating that particular complaint. Of the two
single remedies, select the remedy that most closely matches your symptoms.

For conditions where self-treatment is appropriate, unless otherwise directed by a
physician, use potencies 6X through and up to 30CH or simply follow the instructions
on the label. Do not purchase a homeopathic medicine without a DIN number.
Take one dose and wait for a response. Depending on the condition it may take
several hours to a few days to notice benefi ts. If there is improvement, continue to
take the remedy. If there is no improvement, then consider another remedy or seek
medical attention depending on the severity of the health condition.
The frequency of dosage varies with the condition and the individual. Usually a
lower dose is required several times an hour; higher doses (given when indication is
especially clear) are usually given several times a day; and in some situations, one
dose per day can be suffi cient. Occasionally, under the care of a homeopathic doctor, only one dose is ever given.

Acne
Silicea: Silicea is given to a person with deep-seated acne along with a general low
immune resistance and swollen lymph nodes. Infected spots are slow to come to a
head, and also slow to resolve, so may result in scarring. A person who needs this
remedy is generally very chilly, but inclined to sweat at night.
Sulphur: Sulphur is for itchy, sore, infl amed eruptions with reddish or dirty-looking skin. Itching may be worse from scratching, and worse from any form of heat, especially bathing or washing. Individuals who need this remedy often have unusual
philosophical notions and tend to give hygiene a low priority.
Combination recommendation: Acne Formula R53 by Reckeweg

Allergies (seasonal, hayfever)
Allium cepa: Indications for this remedy include watery eyes and a clear nasal discharge
that irritates the upper lip, along with sneezing and a tickling cough. The
person usually is thirsty, and feels worse indoors and in warm rooms, and is much
better in fresh air.
Sabadilla: Frequent and persistent spasms of sneezing, itching in the nose with irritating
runny discharge, a feeling of a lump in the throat, and watery eyes will all
suggest a need for this remedy. The person may feel nervous during allergy attacks,
and trying to concentrate can bring on drowsiness or a headache.
Combination recommendation: Euphorbium Compositum (nasal spray) by Heel

Anxiety
Argentum nitricum: This remedy can be helpful when anxiety develops before a big
event such as an exam, an important interview, a public appearance, or a social engagement.
People who need this remedy are often suggestible and impulsive. Often a
craving for sweets and salt is strong, which usually makes their symptoms worse.
Gelsemium: Feelings of weakness, trembling, and mental dullness as if paralyzed by
fear suggest the need for this remedy. It is often helpful when a person has stagefright
about a public performance or interview, or feels anxious before a test, a visit to the dentist, or any stressful event. Chills, perspiration, diarrhea, and headaches will often
occur with nervousness. Fear of crowds, a fear of falling, and even a fear that the
heart might stop are giveaways that you need this homeopathic remedy.
Combination recommendation: Sedalia by Boiron

Arthritis (Rheumatoid) and Infl ammatory Disorders
Bryonia: This remedy can be helpful for stiffness and infl ammation with tearing or
throbbing pain, made worse by even the smallest motion. The condition may have
developed gradually, and is worse in cold, dry weather. Discomfort is aggravated by
being touched or bumped, or from any movement. Pressure brings relief because it
stabilizes the area. Typically, the person wants to stay completely still and not be
interfered with.
Rhus toxicodendron: Rheumatoid arthritis, with pain and stiffness that is worse in
the morning and worse on fi rst motion, but better from continued movement, is the
indication for Rhus tox. Hot baths or showers and warm applications improve the
stiffness and relieve the pain. The condition is worse in cold, wet weather. The person may feel extremely restless, is unable to fi nd a comfortable position, and needs to move constantly.
Combination recommendation: Zeel by Heel

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Causticum: Soreness, weakness, and stiffness in the muscles, which feel worse from
being cold and overused, suggest a need for Causticum. The forearms often feel
stiff, unsteady, and very weak. The muscles of the legs can feel contracted and raw.
Problems tend to be worse when the weather is dry and better in rainy weather, but
the person doesn’t like getting wet. Warm applications often relieve discomfort.
Ranunculus: This remedy is often helpful with infl ammation of muscle tissue resulting
in stiffness, especially when the neck and back are involved. Stabbing pains and soreness
may be felt near the spine and shoulder blades, especially on the left. Problems
may be aggravated by cold, damp weather, walking, and alcoholic beverages.
Combination recommendation: Sportenine by Boiron

Cold Sores
Natrum muriaticum: This remedy sometimes stops a cold sore outbreak if it is taken
in the early, tingling stage. Eating too much salt (which the individual typically
craves) and being in the sun sometimes aggravate the symptoms.
Rhus toxicodendron: Herpes (cold sore virus) outbreaks in any location, especially
around the lips, the corners of the mouth, or on and near the genitals and inner
thighs, may respond to this remedy. Eruptions, which are red and swollen with burning
pain and itching, are relieved by hot water or warm applications. The person feels
a constant need to move around.
Combination recommendation: Herpezostin R68 by Reckeweg

Colic
Chamomilla: This remedy is indicated when a baby is hypersensitive to pain. It is
especially helpful when there are desperate screams or shrieks and the child wants
to be constantly coddled and carried. The abdomen may be distended with gas, and
pain can be focused in the navel region. Facial fl ushing (often on only one cheek) is a common presentation.
Colocynthis: Cramping, cutting pain that makes the baby curl up is a strong indication for this remedy. Pressing hard against the abdomen usually brings relief. Babies who need this remedy look extremely anxious and often feel relief when carried tummydown on someone’s arm.
Combination recommendation: Cocyntal by Boiron

Constipation
Graphites: This remedy is indicated when large stools look like little round balls. An achy feeling in the anus after the bowels have moved is commonly reported.
Lycopodium: A person who needs this remedy has frequent indigestion with gas and
bloating, and many problems involving the bowels. Rubbing the abdomen or drinking
something warm may help to relieve the constipation.
Combination recommendation: Laxative Combination R68 by Reckeweg

Cough and Cold
Aconite napellus: This remedy is excellent at the onset of a cold, denoted by symptoms
that are intense and that come on suddenly. Exposure to cold and wind, stress,
or traumatic experience may precipitate the illness. Symptoms include a dry, stuffy
nose with a hot, thin discharge; tension in the chest; a scratchy throat; and choking
cough. The person often feels thirsty, chilly, anxious, and agitated.
Kali bichromicum: This remedy is usually indicated for later stages of a cold with
thick, stringy mucus that is diffi cult to clear from the nose and throat. The person
typically experiences hoarse coughing with persistent phlegm.
Combination recommendation: Coryzalia by Boiron

Depression (It is very important to see your family doctor about this situation.)
Aurum metallicum: This remedy can be helpful for serious people, who are strongly
focused on work and achievement, and who become depressed after a strong sense
of failure. Discouragement, self-reproach, humiliation, and anger can lead to feelings
of emptiness and worthlessness. This symptom picture is usually accompanied by
nightmares and oversleeping that fl uctuates with insomnia.
Staphysagria: This is used for feelings of hurt, shame, resentment, and suppressed
emotions that can lead to depression. If under too much pressure, they can sometimes
lose their natural inhibition and fl y into rages or throw things. A person who needs this
remedy may also have insomnia (feeling sleepy all day, but unable to sleep at night),
toothaches, headaches, stomach aches, or bladder infections that are all stress related.
Combination recommendation: There is no effective combination remedy known; use
Rescue Remedy by Bach for short periods when feeling overwhelmed.

Diarrhea
Arsenicum album: Diarrhea accompanied by anxiety, restlessness, and exhaustion
is the indication. Burning pain is felt in the digestive tract, and the person may be
thirsty for frequent small sips of tea or water. Simultaneous vomiting is another
strong indication. Arsenicum is often useful when diarrhea has been caused by food
poisoning.
Podophyllum: Profuse, watery diarrhea, typically without pain, suggests this remedy
will be helpful. The stomach gurgles and grumbles before the diarrhea begins, and
there is a frequent feeling of urging.
Combination recommendation: Diarrhea Formula R4 by Reckeweg

Ear Infections
Chamomilla: A sudden intolerable outburst of pain suggests a need for this remedy.
Children may seem angry and beside themselves, and often become violent. They need
to be carried constantly and walked around or rocked. Ear pain and other symptoms are
worse from heat and wind, and the cheeks (often only one) may be hot and red.
Pulsatilla: This remedy is often indicated for ear infections that accompany a cold.
Symptoms include a stuffy nose and yellow or greenish mucus. The ear is hot and
swollen, and the person feels that something is pressing out of it. Pain is usually a
pulsing sensation that gets worse at night.
Combination recommendation: Earache relief drops by Similasan

Eczema
Mezereum: This remedy is indicated when there are intense and itchy eruptions that
start as blisters, then ooze and form thick crusts. Scratching leads quickly to thickened
skin. The person who requires Mezereum is usually very anxious and has a
strong craving for fat.
Sulphur: This remedy is very useful for those who have repeatedly used cortisone
on eczema without success. Intensely burning, itching, infl amed eruptions that are
worse from warmth and bathing suggest a need for this remedy. Affected areas are
red, with scaling or crusted skin.
Combination recommendation: Calendula Gel by Boiron

dietary supplements and herbal remedies S-Z

S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAMe)
SAMe is a naturally occurring nutrient in the body that is involved in hormone and
neurotransmitter production, detoxifi cation, joint health, and many other vital bodily
processes. Research shows that supplements can benefi t those with depression, osteoarthritis,
liver disease, and fi bromyalgia. It may also reduce depression associated
with Parkinson’s disease, and is generally well tolerated, but may cause mild upset
stomach. It is not recommended for those with bipolar disorder; use cautiously with
other antidepressant products.
SAW PALMETTO
Saw palmetto is an herb that has been widely studied for its benefi ts for prostate
health. Studies show that it can help reduce an enlarged prostate and improve urinary
symptoms, similarly to prescription drugs, but it is better tolerated. It may also be
helpful for the treatment of prostatitis, and is generally well tolerated.
SOY ISOFLAVONES
Numerous studies have shown that soy foods and supplements can lower cholesterol
levels and improve the ratio of LDL to HDL (usual dosage is 47 g per day). Soy isofl
avones may help reduce menopausal symptoms (hot fl ashes); preliminary research
suggests it may reduce the risk of breast, uterine, and colon cancer, and benefi t those
with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. It is not recommended for those with impaired
thyroid function; high supplemental intake is not recommended during pregnancy.
ST. JOHN’S WORT
St. John’s wort is an herb with a long history of use for treating emotional disorders.
Research supports its use for mild to moderate depression and seasonal affective
disorder with effects comparable to those of prescription drugs. Side effects are rare
and include skin rash and mild upset stomach. It may cause increased sensitivity to
the sun. Use cautiously with other antidepressant products. It may reduce the effi cacy
of many drugs, including oral contraceptives, organ transplant medications, digoxin,
statins, warfarin, proton-pump inhibitors (ulcer drugs), and anaesthetics; consult
with your pharmacist before taking this herb.
SUNTHEANINE
Suntheanine is a patented and clinically studied form of the amino acid L-theanine,
which is naturally present in green tea. It promotes an alert state of relaxation without
drowsiness. Preliminary research suggests benefi ts for improving the quality of sleep
and enhancing learning performance, reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome,
heightening mental acuity, promoting concentration, reducing negative side
effects of stress and caffeine, and supporting immune function. It is well tolerated;
there are no known drug interactions.
Reference Guide to Dietary Supplements, Herbal Remedies, and Branded Ingredients | 65
TEA TREE
Oil from this tree is widely used for its antiseptic properties; it kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi upon contact. Topical products have been found effective for improving acne and athlete’s foot, but may cause skin irritation in some individuals. It may also help in the treatment of gum disease and dandruff. Women who have just had babies us this oil to help perineal repair if the have torn during childbirth.
VALERIAN
Valerian is an herb that is used for its calming and sedating properties. Studies show
that it is useful for insomnia and chronic sleep disorders. It may take a few weeks
to get the optimal effect. Some studies have found benefi ts with valerian when it is
combined with hops and/or lemon balm. It is generally well tolerated, and does not
cause next-day drowsiness when taken at bedtime. It is not recommended for use in
conjunction with prescription sleep aids.
WILLOW
Willow is an herb with long history of use for pain and fever. It contains salicin,
which is purifi ed to salicylic acid (similar to the active ingredient in aspirin). Research
supports benefi ts for back pain and osteoarthritis. It may also help with dysmenorrhea,
tension and migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, and bursitis.
It is generally well tolerated, but may cause upset stomach, although not to the same
extent as aspirin, which causes stomach irritation and bleeding. It may enhance the
effect of blood-thinning products, so dosage adjustments may be necessary.

dietary supplements and herbal remedies H-R

HAWTHORNE
Hawthorne is an herb with a long history of use for heart ailments. Research has
demonstrated that it can improve the heart’s pumping action and is helpful in the
treatment of congestive heart failure. It may also lower blood pressure and reduce
palpitations and angina. It is generally well tolerated; side effects are minor and may
include dizziness, upset stomach, headache, and skin rash.
INDOLE-3 CARBINOL
Indole-3 carbinol is a nutrient found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, caulifl ower, and kale. It has anti-cancer properties, aids in
detoxifi cation of estrogen, reduces the levels of free radicals, and protects liver function.
It has been shown in preliminary research to reduce estrogen-promoted cancers
(cervical and breast). There are no known side effects.
IPRIFLAVONE
Iprifl avone, a synthetic fl avonoid derived from soy, is widely used for osteoporosis
(available as a supplement in Canada, yet sold as a prescription drug in many other
countries). Many studies have shown that when combined with calcium, it can slow
and even reverse bone breakdown; it also helps reduce the pain of fractures caused
by osteoporosis. It is generally well tolerated; one study found that long-term use
(three years) reduced levels of lymphocytes (white blood cells). Use under doctor’s
supervision if you have immune defi ciency (HIV), kidney disease, or are taking immune-
suppressant drugs.
LECITHIN
Lecithin is a source of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid (fat-soluble component
of all cell membranes). Supplements of lecithin are broken down in the body into
choline, which promotes methylation and is used to make acetylcholine, a nerve
chemical essential for proper brain function. Some research supports benefi ts for liver
disease; lowering homocysteine; and the treatment of bipolar, Alzheimer’s, and other
neurological disorders. It is generally well tolerated.
Reference Guide to Dietary Supplements, Herbal Remedies, and Branded Ingredients | 61
LICORICE
Licorice is an herb with long history of use for digestion and immune support. It
contains glycyrrhizin, which causes fl uid retention and can raise blood pressure;
supplements of deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) do not cause these effects. DGL
has been studied for ulcer prevention and treatment, and is generally well tolerated.
Licorice is used for cough and asthma; topical products may help relieve eczema. It
may raise blood pressure, lower testosterone in men, and have estrogenic effects; it is
not recommended during pregnancy, breast-feeding, or for use by those with cancer.
LUTEIN
Lutein, an antioxidant pigment in the carotenoid family, is found in dark green and
yellow vegetables. It is highly concentrated in the macula of the eye (behind retina)
and plays a role in protecting the retina from oxidative damage and UV light. Research
supports benefi ts for prevention of cataracts and macular degeneration. It is very well
tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.
LYCOPENE
Lycopene is a potent antioxidant (carotenoid) naturally present in red vegetables and
fruits (tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon). Research supports benefi ts for
prevention of prostate cancer and pre-eclampsia, and treatment of asthma; it may
also help prevent macular degeneration, cataracts, and heart disease. It is very well
tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.
LYSINE
An amino acid naturally present in meat, poultry, dairy products, eggs, and beans.
Regular supplement use has been shown to prevent cold sores; it may also prevent
genital herpes fl are-ups. It is generally well tolerated.
MELATONIN
Melatonin, a hormone that is produced in the brain and released in response to
darkness, regulates our biological clock (sleep and wake cycles). Supplements have
been shown to help shorten the time needed to fall asleep, improve sleep quality,
and help with disrupted sleep cycles (such as with travellers and shift workers). It
may also help in the treatment of depression, seasonal affective disorder, anxiety,
schizophrenia, cluster headaches, and to improve quality of life in cancer patients.
Supplements are taken half an hour to one hour before bed to promote better rest. It
is well tolerated and does not cause next-day drowsiness; it is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding.

METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE (MSM)
MSM is a naturally occurring sulphur compound in the body; it is also present in
certain foods (vegetables). It may be helpful for osteoarthritis, recovery from sports
injuries, and for growth of nails and hair, although research is preliminary. It is very
well tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.

MILK THISTLE
Milk thistle, an herb with a long history of use for liver and spleen disorders, contains
a fl avonoid complex called silymarin, which is responsible for its antioxidant,
detoxifying, and liver health benefi ts. Research supports its use for the treatment of viral and alcoholic hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis. Preliminary research suggests that
it might protect the liver against drug-induced toxicity caused by acetaminophen
(Tylenol) and phenytoin (Dilantin). It is generally well tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.

MODUCARE
Moducare, a patented blend of plant sterols and sterolins (plant fats), helps to restore,
strengthen, and balance the immune system. Several studies have demonstrated its
immune-modulating effects. It is not recommended for use by those with organ
transplants or those taking immune-suppressant drugs; use only under doctor’s supervision
if pregnant, lactating, diabetic, or if you have an immune disorder.

NETTLE
Nettle is an herb widely used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia; many
studies show benefi ts for reducing symptoms. Preliminary research suggests benefi ts
for allergies; topical products are used to relieve the pain of osteoarthritis. It may be
more benefi cial when combined with pygeum and/or saw palmetto, and is generally
well tolerated.
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE
Phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid (fat component of cell membrane) made by the
body, performs vital functions such as moving nutrients into cells and pumping waste
products out of them. Research shows that supplements can help improve memory,
mental function, and depression in the elderly, and it is useful in the treatment of
Alzheimer’s. It is well tolerated, but may cause mild upset stomach; it may enhance
the effect of blood-thinning drugs and supplements, requiring dosage adjustments.
PHYTOSTEROLS/PHYTOSTANOLS
These are naturally occurring compounds (fats) found in almost all plants. Several
studies have found benefi ts with beta-sitosterol (a phytosterol) for reducing symptoms
of prostate enlargement. Phytostanols are added to foods (margarine spreads
and salad dressings) and sold as supplements; studies have shown that phytostanols
and stanol esters can lower cholesterol levels. They are very well tolerated.
POLICOSANOL
Numerous studies have shown that policosanol, a waxy substance obtained from
sugar cane, can substantially lower cholesterol, similarly to prescription drugs. It may
enhance the effects of blood-thinning drugs and supplements so dosage adjustments
may be necessary; it is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
Reference Guide to Dietary Supplements, Herbal Remedies, and Branded Ingredients | 63
PROBIOTICS
Also known as friendly or benefi cial bacteria, probiotics are normally present in
the mouth, digestive and urinary tracts, and vaginal area. They are also present in
some fermented dairy foods (live culture yogurt), although potency and stability is
questionable. They provide many health benefi ts by protecting against infection by
harmful bacteria (yeast and bacteria), aiding in detoxifi cation, producing vitamins,
aiding digestion, and supporting immune function. Research supports benefi ts for
travellers’ diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel, ulcerative colitis, eczema, allergies,
and tooth decay. They also improve immune function, reduce cholesterol,
prevent and treat yeast infections, and enhance ulcer treatment. Choose products
that are tested for potency and stability, and made from human strains. Probiotics
are well tolerated.
PYGEUM
Pygeum is a tree whose bark contains phytosterols and compounds that reduce infl
ammation and modulate testosterone activity in the prostate. Studies have found it
benefi cial for improving symptoms of an enlarged prostate; it may also be benefi cial
for prostatitis (prostate infection). It is often combined with saw palmetto or nettle
root, which are also benefi cial for reducing prostate symptoms, and is very well
tolerated.
RED CLOVER
Red clover is a plant with a history of use for skin disorders, cough, and as a diurectic.
Recent research has focused on its isofl avones, which work as phytoestrogens, with
possible benefi ts for menopause. Studies have yielded mixed results for reducing hot
fl ashes. It may help reduce cholesterol levels and protect against osteoporosis by reducing
bone loss. It is not recommended during pregnancy, breast-feeding, or for use
by those with breast or uterine cancer. It may enhance the effect of blood-thinning
drugs, so dosage adjustments may be necessary.
RELORA
Relora, a proprietary blend of extracts of magnolia and phellodendron, has been
studied for its stress-relieving properties. It promotes relaxation without sedation,
normalizes stress hormones, and reduces stress-related eating. It is generally well
tolerated, but may cause mild upset stomach.
RHODIOLA
Rhodiola, an herb classifi ed as an adaptogen, was used historically to combat stress
and fatigue and to speed recovery from illness. Studies have demonstrated benefi ts
for reducing fatigue and enhancing mental function. Preliminary research suggests
that it may help with altitude sickness and may aid cancer chemotherapy by protecting
the liver against drug-induced damage. There are no known side effects or
drug interactions.

dietary supplements, herbal remedies A-G

AGED GARLIC EXTRACT (KYOLIC)
Garlic is well known for its myriad health benefi ts and its strong odour. Aged garlic
extract is unique in that it is odourless, processed from organically grown garlic,
standardized to potent sulphur compounds, and is the most widely researched garlic
product available. Studies have shown that aged garlic extract provides benefi ts
for heart protection, liver detoxifi cation, immune enhancement, antioxidant activity,
stress management, fatigue, cancer protection, and anti-aging.
ALOE VERA
Aloe vera is a plant that has a long history of use to promote skin healing. It contains
amino aids, vitamins C and E, zinc, and essential fatty acids. Research supports the
use of topical aloe for genital herpes (to improve healing of lesions), seborrhea, and
psoriasis; preliminary research shows benefi ts with oral aloe to improve blood sugar
in type 2 diabetes and for treatment of ulcerative colitis.


ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID
Alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant found inside every cell of the body, helps the body
convert glucose into energy to meet the body’s needs, and is found naturally in
liver, yeast, potatoes, spinach, and red meat. Levels may be depleted in those with
diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and atherosclerosis. It is used to improve glucose levels in
diabetes, treat diabetic neuropathy, and for burning mouth syndrome. Side effects are
rare and may include skin rash and upset stomach.
ARGININE
An amino acid found in many foods, such as dairy, meat, poultry, and fi sh, arginine
is involved in cell division, wound healing, removal of ammonia from the body,
immunity to illness, the secretion of hormones, and the production of nitrous oxide,
a substance the dilates blood vessels. Research supports its use for congestive
heart failure, intermittent claudication, angina, impotence, and sexual dysfunction
in women; preliminary evidence shows benefi ts for diabetes and improving recovery
from surgery.
BETA-GLUCAN
A type of soluble fi bre found naturally in plants such as oats, wheat, and barley, betaglucan
is also available in supplements. Studies have shown that beta-glucan can
modestly improve cholesterol levels; it may also reduce blood pressure and improve
blood sugar levels in diabetics. There are no known side effects or drug interactions.
BLACK COHOSH (REMIFEMIN)
Black cohosh is an herb used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms; studies
show that it can reduce hot fl ashes and improve mood. Research involving black cohosh,
plus St. John’s wort, has shown benefi ts for both hot fl ashes and depression in
menopause. Do not use during pregnancy or breast-feeding; use cautiously with liver
disease. High doses may cause upset stomach, nausea, and headache.
BOSWELLIA
An herb with long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine, boswellia is used for arthritis,
respiratory diseases, and diarrhea. Its anti-infl ammatory properties have been studied
and found benefi cial for the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, asthma, and
infl ammatory bowel disease. It is generally well tolerated; there are no known drug
interactions.
BREWER’S YEAST
A product derived from dried, pulverized cells of the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
brewer’s yeast is a rich source of B-vitamins, protein, and minerals such as
chromium. Supplements are used to treat acute diarrhea and to lower cholesterol and
improve blood sugar balance in diabetics. Side effects are rare, but some people are
allergic to brewer’s yeast.

BROMELAIN
Bromelain is a combination of protein-digesting enzymes (called proteolytic enzymes)
found in pineapple juice and in the stem of pineapple plants. It is used to
reduce infl ammation, treat sinusitis, improve healing from injuries, and support immune
function. Side effects are rare, but allergic reactions are possible. It may thin
the blood; use cautiously with blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin, as dosage
adjustments may be necessary.
BUTCHER’S BROOM
Butcher’s broom is an herb with a long history of use as a diuretic and for urinary
problems. Research has demonstrated benefi ts for reducing the pain, swelling, and
fatigue associated with chronic venous insuffi ciency; it may also be helpful for hemorrhoids,
varicose veins, and lymphedema. It is generally well tolerated; there are no
known drug interactions.
CARNITINE
Carnitine is an amino acid that the body uses to turn fat into energy. Levels may be
depleted in those with kidney, liver, or brain disease, and in those taking anti-seizure
drugs such as phenytoin and valproic acid. Research supports benefi ts for angina,
intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, heart attack recovery, diabetic
neuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and male sexual function and
infertility. Carnitine is very safe and well tolerated, but should be used cautiously in
those with low thyroid hormone.
CAYENNE
Cayenne is a pepper that is part of the capsicum family. Creams containing cayenne
are used to reduce pain (arthritis, strains, sprains, fi bromyalgia, back pain, headache,
and shingles); it helps to reduce the itching caused by psoriasis and the symptoms
of neuropathy; it may reduce the stomach irritation caused by non-steroidal anti-infl
ammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Wash your hands after applying this cream because it
can cause burning and stinging if you rub your eyes. Oral cayenne may increase the
absorption of theophylline, a drug used for asthma and lung disease.
CELADRIN
Celadrin is a patented blend of esterifi ed fatty acids derived from beef tallow. Studies
show benefi ts for reducing the pain and infl ammation associated with osteoarthritis;
it may also benefi t other infl ammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, eczema,
psoriasis, and gout. There are no known drug interactions or side effects. It is
available in cream and oral supplements.
CHAMOMILE
An herb popular for its calming properties, chamomile is found in teas, oral supplements,
and creams. It is used orally (tea and supplements) to reduce anxiety and
promote relaxation. Topical products are used to promote healing. Compounds in
chamomile have blood-thinning properties, so it should be used cautiously by those
taking warfarin or other blood thinners, as dosage adjustments may be necessary.
CHONDROITIN SULPHATE
Chondroitin sulphate is a naturally occurring substance in the body that is a major
constituent of cartilage, the connective tissue found in joints. Oral supplements are
used to reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis (improve mobility and reduce pain); it
may also reduce the progression of the disease. Topically it is used to improve wound
healing. It is usually well tolerated, although high doses may cause upset stomach.
COENZYME Q10
Coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant naturally found in our bodies, is involved in energy
production in every cell. Strong evidence supports supplement use for congestive
heart failure; it is also used for high blood pressure, heart attack recovery, mitral
valve prolapse, cardiomyopathy, gum disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and
migraine headache. Levels may be depleted by statin drugs, beta-blockers, and antidepressants.
Defi ciency causes fatigue, gum disease, heart problems, and increased
risk of infections.
COLOSTRUM
Colostrum, a component of breast milk, is produced during the fi rst day or two after
birth. It provides newborns with a rich mixture of antibodies and growth factors.
Supplements are derived from cow colostrums and are used for immune support,
diarrhea, and in sports products.
CRAN-MAX
Cran-Max is a whole-berry cranberry supplement that has been found in studies to prevent
urinary tract infections. Cranberry contains antioxidants called proanthocyanidins
(condensed tannins). Cranberry juice and supplements may also help lower cholesterol
and protect against gum disease and H. Pylori infection (the cause of ulcers).
CREATINE
Creatine is a naturally occurring substance that plays an important role in the production
of energy in the body. Several studies have shown that creatine can increase
athletic performance in sports that involve intense but short bursts of activity. It may
also offer benefi ts for weight training and to prevent muscle loss in seniors. Side
effects include diarrhea and muscle cramping. It should be avoided by those with
kidney disease.
D-GLUCARATE
A supplemental form of glucaric acid, which is a phytonutrient found in fruits and
vegetables (apples, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cabbage), D-glucarate helps the
liver detoxify and eliminate excess hormones (particularly estrogen); it is used for the
treatment of PMS, fi brocystic breast disease, uterine fi broids, and other conditions of estrogen excess; it is also used for prevention of hormone-dependent cancers of the breast and prostate. There are no known side effects; there are no known drug interactions. However, many drugs are metabolized in the liver and D-glucarate may enhance the elimination of certain drugs, requiring dosage adjustments.

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Digestive enzymes are protein compounds that aid in the breakdown and digestion
of food. They are found naturally in raw foods and produced by the body. There are
three classes: proteolytic enzymes digest protein, lipases digest fat, and amylases digest
carbohydrates. Supplements are used to aid digestion; some people are defi cient
in digestive enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes may also help reduce pain and infl ammation
from injuries, osteoarthritis, and surgery. Side effects and allergic reactions are
rare.
DIOSMIN
Diosmin is a fl avonoid that improves the tone and strength of the blood vessels, reduces
swelling, fi ghts free-radical damage, and stimulates lymphatic fl ow. Over 30
clinical studies have found it effective for improving vein disorders, including varicose
veins, chronic venous insuffi ciency, nighttime leg cramps, and hemorrhoids. It
has a quick onset of action (one to two weeks) and is not associated with any side
effects or drug interactions. Look for a product standardized to 95 percent diosmin
and 5 percent hesperidin.
ECHINACEA
Echinacea is an herb that supports immune function. Most studies have found that
it shortens the duration of colds and fl us and may halt a cold if it is taken at the fi rst
sign of symptoms, but is not effective as a preventative. Side effects are rare; it is not
recommended for those with autoimmune disorders such as lupus. Allergic reactions
may occur, especially in those with sensitivity to the daisy family.
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
Obtained from the seeds of the primrose plant, evening primrose oil provides a rich
source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is an omega-6 fatty acid. It has anti-infl
ammatory properties and is important for brain function. Research supports benefi ts
for the treatment of arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, eczema and dry skin, fi brocystic
breast disease, and Raynaud’s disease. Side effects (upset stomach) are rare.
FENUGREEK
Fenugreek, an herb used as a medicine and spice for thousands of years in India and
Egypt, aids lactation, wound treatment, bronchitis, digestive problems, arthritis, and
kidney problems. Studies show that it can reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels
in diabetics; it may also relieve constipation. It is usually well tolerated; high doses
may cause upset stomach. It is not recommended during pregnancy. Diabetics may
require adjustment in therapy, as fenugreek can lower blood sugar levels.

FEVERFEW
Feverfew is a plant extract that is used for headache prevention. The main active component,
parthenolide, prevents platelet clumping and inhibits the release of serotonin
and infl ammatory chemicals. Several studies have shown that it can reduce the severity,
duration, and frequency of migraine headaches; it is not effective as a treatment
once a headache occurs. It is well tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.
FISH OIL
Fish oil is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acids DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), which have anti-infl ammatory effects. DHA is important
for brain function, vision, and joint health. EPA supports immune function,
blood clotting, and circulation. Numerous studies have shown that fi sh oil can reduce
the risk of heart attack and stroke; it lowers triglycerides, raises HDL (good) cholesterol,
reduces clotting, lowers homocysteine, and may reduce blood pressure. Some
research suggests benefi ts for rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual pain, depression, bipolar
disorder, attention defi cit disorder, and Raynaud’s disease. Side effects are rare;
some supplements cause fi shy burps.
5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN (5-HTP)
5-HTP is an amino acid that the body uses to make serotonin, a brain chemical that
regulates mood, sleep, appetite, pain sensation, and sexual behaviour. Research shows
benefi ts for depression, migraine headaches, weight loss, insomnia, and fi bromyalgia.
Side effects are rare or minor (upset stomach). Use cautiously with Parkinson’s
drugs, antidepressants, and drugs that affect serotonin.
FLAXSEED OIL
Flaxseed oil provides both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The oil is used to reduce
infl ammation, improve circulation, and for dry skin; however, there is less research to
support its proposed health benefi ts, compared to fi sh oils. Whole fl axseeds are taken for
their laxative benefi ts. Milled fl axseed provides the benefi cial oils, fi bre, and lignans (phytoestrogens)
that may help in cancer prevention. Flaxseed is generally well tolerated.
FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES (FOS)
These are short chains of fructose molecules that occur naturally in foods and are
also put into supplements. The body cannot digest these substances, but they serve
as a food for probiotics (friendly bacteria) in the digestive tract, so are known as
prebiotics. Some research shows that FOS lower triglycerides, and preliminary evidence
shows benefi ts for digestion and intestinal health. FOS may cause bloating,
fl atulence, and upset stomach at doses of 15 g or higher.
GINGER
Ginger is a plant that is used as a spice and therapeutically as an herbal medicine.
Research shows benefi ts for nausea associated with pregnancy, motion sickness, and
upset stomach. There are no signifi cant side effects.
Reference Guide to Dietary Supplements, Herbal Remedies, and Branded Ingredients | 59
GINKGO BILOBA
Ginkgo biloba, a plant, has a long history of use. Ginkgo has undergone extensive research
for a variety of health conditions. It is an antioxidant, improves blood circulation
by dilating blood vessels, and reduces the stickiness of blood platelets. Research supports
benefi ts for Alzheimer’s disease, improving memory and cognitive function, and
treatment of intermittent claudication and anxiety. Preliminary research shows benefi ts
for macular degeneration, PMS, Raynaud’s disease, and vertigo. Side effects are rare
and minor (upset stomach, headaches, and skin reactions); it may enhance the bloodthinning
effect of anticoagulants, so dosage adjustments may be necessary.
GINSENG, AMERICAN AND ASIAN
American and Asian ginseng are very similar in composition and properties. Ginseng
has adaptogen properties (helps the body deal with stress, whether physical or emotional)
and enhances immune function. Research supports benefi ts for strengthening
immunity from colds, fl us, and other infections, improving physical performance and
a sense of well-being, and enhancing mental function. Preliminary research shows
benefi ts for erectile dysfunction, improving blood sugar control in diabetics, enhancing
fertility, and the treatment of attention-defi city hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Ginseng may enhance the blood sugar-lowering effects of insulin or diabetic medications
and may decrease the effect of blood-thinning drugs. It is generally well
tolerated, but there are some reports of nervousness, insomnia, and upset stomach.
Use cautiously with uncontrolled high blood pressure. It is not recommended during
pregnancy, breast-feeding, or by those with breast cancer.

GINSENG, SIBERIAN
Also known as Eleuthero, Siberian ginseng is not a true ginseng, but has some similar
properties as an adaptogen. It is commonly used to support immune function, mental
acuity, and athletic performance and to help reduce the effects of stress. Side effects
may include upset stomach, insomnia, and increased blood pressure. It is not recommended
for those with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
GLUCOSAMINE
Glucosamine occurs naturally in the body and is a building block used to manufacture
components of cartilage, the material that cushions joints. Numerous studies
have found that it can improve osteoarthritis symptoms (joint pain, mobility); it may
also prevent the progression of the disease. Preliminary research suggests possible
benefi ts for irritable bowel syndrome. It is well tolerated, but may cause mild upset
stomach.
GRAPE SEED EXTRACT
Grape seed extract is a source of potent antioxidants called proanthocyanidins, also
known as oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), a type of fl avonoid.
Research supports benefi ts for chronic venous insuffi ciency, varicose veins, prevention
of blood clots while fl ying, and reducing post-surgical edema. Preliminary

research suggests benefi ts for ADHD, PMS, erectile dysfunction, asthma, allergies,
hemorrhoids, and prevention of atherosclerosis. It is very well tolerated, but may
cause minor upset stomach. It may enhance the effect of blood-thinning drugs.
GREEN TEA
Green tea is derived from the plant Camellia sinensis. Unlike black and oolong tea,
it is not fermented, which preserves the active constituents. It provides a high level
of antioxidants called polyphenols, particularly the catechin called epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG). It is used for heart health, cancer prevention, cervical dysplasia,
weight loss, liver disease, and gum health. Green tea contains caffeine, but less so
than black tea and coffee. Side effects are rare; large amounts may cause insomnia
and nervousness.

Cures for reducing cellulite?-What is cellulite

WHAT IS CELLULITE?
Cellulite is certainly not a serious condition from the medical point of view, but it does
represent the most widespread and least tolerated aesthetic complaint among women.
The condition is very well known through intense publicity campaigns in the mass media
and the cosmetics industry targeted at increasing the market for cosmetic creams, electromedical
equipment, pills, and therapeutic fantasies that often lack a scientific basis though
they sometimes improve the aesthetic aspect of the problem. Most aesthetic treatments
might be compared to a ‘‘coat of white paint’’ painted over a damp patch on the wall.
By adding subsequent layers of paint, the wall may improve its appearance, but our medical
duty is to eliminate the dampness itself so that the wall may ‘‘recover’’ its good state
rather than merely ‘‘seem’’ sound.
However, the importance of the purely aesthetic problem should not be underrated.
‘‘Appearance,’’ the most popular theme of cosmetics, may seem superficial and frivolous
but it ends up being an essential element during consultation. Both in medicine and
surgery, especially in cosmetic surgery, nothing should be considered frivolous.
Cellulite is an actual pathology, something uncomfortable and unaesthetic, which
results in a disease for the patient. Our duty as physicians is to suggest the best scientific
methods that are appropriate (or available) to repair tissue damage and pathological
disorders, and are effective in improving aesthetics.
& DEFINITION
Nobody denies that the term ‘‘cellulitis’’ has been misused, because in medicine the suffix
‘‘itis’’ refers to inflammation, phlogosis, or infection. Therefore, ‘‘cellulitis’’ might refer to
an inflammation of the cells involved. Cells, the basic vital units, integrate (with additional
41
interstitial structures) the microvascular–tissular unit of all living tissues. In so-called
cellulite, there is no phlogosis of the cells, but perhaps an alteration of interstitial tissues.
Why has such an empirical misuse been applied for so long in medicine and everyday
life? There was a time when cellulite was conceived as a mere increase of fat in subcutaneous
tissues associated with an altered lymphatic and venous flow and lymphatic stasis.
Furthermore, there was a deeply rooted notion that cellulite was closely related with the
specific stasis subsequent to hypotonia or venous and lymphatic disease and, therefore,
it was assumed that a previous varicose disease should exist for cellulite to appear. In fact,
this is true in some infrequent cases. Most often the interstitial alterations of cellulite disease
appear first and the varicose or lymphatic pathology manifests itself only later. In any
case, the characteristic peau d’orange appearance of cellulite is either caused by an increase
in the fat or interstitial liquid content, or to the alteration and retraction of connective
tissue layers occurring at different times and in different manners.
Venous–lymphatic stasis is the outward expression of malfunctioning in the endocrinemetabolic
regulation of the interstitium. From our point of view, however, this definition
does not include all the stages of the disease as far as their evolution in time is concerned
and, worse, it does not consider all its etiological and physiopathological variants.
There are clearly three stages of development: edema, fibrosis, and sclerosis, but
the initial edema is not always the first pathological manifestation since an alteration
of the interstitial matrix, the connective structure, or the adipose tissue often precedes
its appearance.
In some particular cases, such as lipedema and lipolymphedema, the edema—
characterized by the presence of free water instead of lymph—results from an alteration
of the interstitial or adipocytic metabolic mechanisms.
42 & BACCI AND LEIBASCHOFF
In Dercum’s syndrome, for example, an alteration of interstitial structures due to
phlogosis of the nervous axon was suggested, associated with bacteria from the intestine.
German authors [especially Letzel (1)] have found such bacteria in ‘‘cellulite’’ tissues or, at
least, the presence of lesions caused by these bacteria. The question is, then, where do these
bacteria come from?
It is well known that all nutrients needed for life are distributed from the intestine to
the whole organism through blood and lymph. They are accompanied, however, by toxic
substances, heavy metals, bacteria, etc. Thus, defense reactions are activated in the form of
lymphocytes, macrophages, or immune reactions to protect tissue health. Therefore, the
etiology of different cellulite disease cases may be associated to the after effects or sequelae
of toxic, metabolic, and—why not—bacterial attacks.

Top tips for feeling great

Good health is essential to your quality of life and longevity, try these ten for size.

Stop Smoking
Smoking has no benefits to you at all, so why do it?
Reduce Stress
Stress is one of the major killers in the western world, learn to meditate and relax,
your body will love you for it.
Drink plenty of water
Water can help you loose weight and will help detoxify you.
Wear a seatbelt
Not wearing a seatbelt increases your chances of death or injury.
Reduce alcohol consumption
Alcohol abuse can cause relationship, money and health problems and contains a
massive amount of needless calories.
Laugh
Laughing keeps you young and is proven to provide countless health benefits.
Don’t ignore body changes
If your body changes or your start to feel pain don’t ignore it, get it checked out.
Catching problems early can help professionals to cure them.
Sleep
Your body needs quality sleep to regenerate and to live it’s essential; you die from a
lack of sleep before you die from a lack of food!!!
Take tests
Make sure you keep up with smears and other essential health tests

Check yourself
Ensure you check for breast cancer, testicular cancer and skin cancer regularly and
take action if you notice any changes.

10 fitness workout exercises

Top 10 Compound Exercises
Don’t have much time to workout? Want THE top muscle builders? Want to develop
real strength? If so compound exercises should be the core of your strength routine!
Compound exercises are simply exercises that target more than one muscle group. For
clarity, exercises that target a single muscle group are called isolation exercises.
Anyway on to the Herculean strength builders!!

Squats
The good old traditional squat should be a part of any strength workout
Clean and Press
This exercise will work the muscles AND the heart and lungs, it’s like a workout on
its own!!
Deadlift
You can move some big weights eventually with this strength builder
Chin Ups
Tough to do at the start but worth persevering with as they will give you a fantastic
physique
Bent over Row
Really works the back, but make sure of your form when performing this exercise
Press Ups
The good old fashioned press up has lasted the test of time for a reason!
Dips
Another time tested exercise
Bench Press
THE way to work out those pecs

Lunges
A great leg builder that will also build explosive strength and the heart and lungs
Crunches
Not strictly a compound exercise but simply the best way to work those abs!

Getting the most from your workout time is essential; your time is precious right? So
let’s make sure you squeeze the maximum from your workout with these top tips.

Use a Workout Log
If you aren’t logging your workouts, you’ve not got the data to progress.
Set Goals
To perform effectively you need to know why you’re working out when you don’t
feel like it!
Stay Hydrated
Most of your body is made up of water, don’t get depleted during your workout
otherwise you can’t perform at the top level.
Be well equipped
Have the best clothing and equipment you can afford, you’ll workout better and stay
more comfortable.
Plan your Workout
If you meander around the equipment you’re wasting valuable time and you aren’t
focused.
Don't be a workoutaholic
Going to the gym or working out all the time leads to staleness and injuries - don’t be
a bore!!
Warm up correctly
A poor warm up will lead to poor gains and injuries, spend the time to get that blood
pumping.
Stretch after exercise
Stretching can help the body to rid it’s self of the chemical build ups that cause
muscle soreness. No one likes to walk like Frankenstein after our workouts!!

How to make money building a massive downline using forums

How to building a massive downline using forums


How to find potential affiliates for your downline
There are many webmaster and business related forums on the internet. These
forums are great for recruiting other affiliates for your downline. You can use
English and foreign webmaster forums, as the majority of webmasters know
English really well.
You can recruit 2nd tier affiliates into your downline using two approaches:
• Posting in opportunity / advertising sections
• Advertising through signatures while participating in a thread
discussion
Posting in opportunity / advertising sections
The name of this method is self explanatory. Many of forums have a special
section devoted for advertising posts. These sections usually aren’t very popular
between visitors, but still you can expect a some decent traffic from there.
To use this approach you will need to:
• Sign up to the forum
• Prepare a great title and text post (check spelling mistakes, check links)
• Before posting, use the preview function to double check
• Post it in the most busiest time of the day
• Make sure after a couple days or even hours to post again in the same
post to get it back to the top, or “bump” your thread. The post can contain
some useful information, extra details, etc.
Advertising through signatures
Advertising using signatures is very popular and effective. Sometimes it can be
considered as direct and sometimes as indirect advertising.
It is important to understand that it’s usually forbidden to spam or abuse in any
way the forum just for the sake of exposure and clicks. Even if it works for some
time, eventually administration may ban your account, so read their rules.
Luckily there are many legit ways to advertise and getting clicks while being
perceived as positive person on forum at the same time. It can be explained
simply: ask or answer appropriate questions, add value to the discussion and
people will notice you and your signature.
Signature restrictions or limitations:
• Not all forums allow signatures
• Not all forums allow active links in signatures
• You might need to wait 10 days before you can post links
• You might need to post 50 useful posts before you can use signature/links
• You may need to make X amount of posts before you can start a new
thread.
• etc
The bigger the forum, bigger returns can be expected.
Types of signatures:
• Simple text
• Simple text link
• Banner
• Banner mixed with text and/or text links

4
Samples:
You can download a huge number of promotional Banners here.
Most mainstream forums will allow having a simple text link in the signature. In
adult forums it’s pretty common to have also banners just like in the example
above. Whatever is the case, try to keep signature simple and easy. You can
promote MoreNiche downline or also MakingYouRicher or both!
You can download a huge number of MoreNiche promotional Banners here.
You can download a huge number of MakingYouRicher promotional Banners
here.
It’s important to try not to start a thread about the program you are promoting in
the main forum, because usually you will be accused of spamming - so keep your
profile low.
Try to reply to questions or give opinions or advice. This way you will be playing it
safe. After all – forums are for interaction, exchanging information and finding like
minded people not just for aggressive advertising.


5
Warning
Never spam or abuse a community. If forum administrators
complain or we notice that you are breaking the rules – your
account may be frozen. It is about businesses building long
term, not spam-and-run away.


6
Extra strategies
The simplest strategy is to place your affiliate link in a signature or advertising
post, but you can go a couple steps further.
Target a specific page
MoreNiche has a special function that allows you to customize the final landing
page. You can send the potential affiliate to any page on MoreNiche.com.
For example, recruiting weight loss affiliates you could send them straight to the
Proactol’s product page located at: http://www.moreniche.com/proactol.html
You can achieve that by customizing your linking code and adding to it:
&u= http://www.moreniche.com/proactol.html
To your regular link (20$ + 5%)
http://moreniche.com/join.html?w=104872&ttp=3
The final linking code will look like this:
http://moreniche.com/join.html?w=104872&ttp=3&u=http://www.moreniche.com/proactol.html


Set up your own review page

This is the best approach. This gives you two important advantages:
• You are not using the same plain linking code which can be easy tracked
by forum administrators.
• You now have full control over the page they land on. This is especially
beneficial if you are targeting different affiliates, for example, weight loss
affiliates would land on a page where you overview of Proactol and the
benefits of promoting this product. While for adult webmasters it could be
a page with Lovecentria review and different ideas how they could profit
by promoting this product.
Hide your links
The main purpose of hiding your link is to avoid others removing your affiliate ID
from the tracking URL, since webmasters are more savvy than regular customer.
That’s why it’s advisable to hide the links. It’s really easy if you have set up a
separate page on your domain. This means that you can use several methods for
hiding links as written in the MoreNiche guide on “How to hide links”.


7
Forum Lists

Here you can find list of forums. Since MoreNiche have various products, we
have provided mainstream as well as adult forum lists.
Mainstream / Webmaster forums
http://www.webmasterworld.com/home.htm
http://forums.digitalpoint.com/
http://www.v7n.com/forums/
http://www.webmaster-talk.com/
http://www.webmaster-forums.net/
http://www.conqueryourniche.com/forum/
http://www.webforumz.com/
http://www.webproworld.com/
http://www.webmasterforums.com/
http://www.webmastertalk.co.uk/
http://www.a4uforum.co.uk
http://www.siteownersforums.com/
http://www.webmastershelp.com/
http://talk.iwebtool.com/
http://forums.ukwebmasterworld.com/
http://www.geekvillage.com/forums/
http://www.ozzu.com/
http://forums.seochat.com/
http://cmforums.net/
http://www.dnlodge.com/
http://www.akamarketing.com/webmaster-forums/
http://www.adminrevo.com/
http://www.irishwebmasterforum.com/
http://www.warriorforum.com/forum/
http://www.marketingchat.org/forum/index.php
http://internetmarketingforums.net/
http://www.internetmarketingsingapore.com/forums/
http://www.associateprograms.com/discus/index.php
Other webmaster / mainstream forums lists
http://www.webmasterforumlist.com/
http://www.mikes-marketing-tools.com/marketing-forum/

The basic of seo- what is seo

What is SEO?

SEO is the process of improving web pages so they rank high in search engines for a specific keyword phrase. SEO is divided in two categories: on-page optimization and off-page optimization. On-page optimization it refers to every method you use that change the page code; off-page optimization equals link popularity (more on this later)

Choosing the right keywords

The center of optimization are the keyword phrase(s) for which you want a high ranking in search engines result pages (SERP’s). When you choose you keyword phrase you must take in consideration primarily your market (they must reflect what you sell) , the number of searches for it and the competition for that particularly keyword phrase.

Let’s take an example: you provide penis enlargement exercises. Using a keyword research tool you have these results:
.. penis 70,388.0 /day
.. penis enlargement 5,798.0 /day
.. penis enlargement exercises 292.0 /day
.. natural penis enlargement 141.0 /day

Many may try to optimize for “penis” due to its large number of searches. The problem with this keyword (other then the competition for it) is that is not targeted for your market, the people searching for this keyword might look for penis health related sites. Even “penis enlargement” isn’t going to bring the targeted traffic that “penis enlargement exercises” or “natural penis enlargement” will. There are many other terms related to your market and, once they are found, an analysis of the competition and the searches for each term must be done in order to determine an optimal report between how competitive a keyword phrase is and how hard is to attain a top 10 position for it in SERP’s. You must keep in mind that:
.. Search engines consider web pages not entire sites so optimization must be done for each page in particular;
.. The more targeted a keyword phrase is the less traffic it gets, but that traffic will provide people interested in your product or service so the conversion rate is higher. This indicator is reflecting the percentage of people converted into buyers so the higher the better.
.. Decide on two or three highly targeted phrases for each page of your site

Keyword research tools

Best research keyword tool is WordTracker (www.wordtracker.com). By entering a keyword related to your market is shows other related terms (singular and plural) and it analyzes the competition for every one of them.
Useful keyword tools:
.. WordTrakcer – most popular online keyword research service, offers advanced keyword research and suggestions.
.. KeywordElite – is desktop tool with many keyword research features. This tool will collect you keywords from various places into numbers of thousands. It is used by most top SEO and PPC marketers.
.. http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/suggestion/
.. http://www.nichebot.com
.. https://adwords.google.com/select/KeywordToolExternal

On-page SEO

Search engines are constantly improving their algorithm so they can provide more relevant results. A relevant site is one that provides quality content for its readers so after you have chosen your keyword phrases build the content of your pages around those keywords.
On page SEO means the code page optimization so, in this phase, you should pay special attention to the following:

1. Title Tag

The title tag is one of the most important factors in achieving high rankings. A title tag is essentially an HTML code that creates the words that appear in the top bar of your Web browser. Usually, the Title Tag is the first element in the < Head> area of your site, followed by the Meta Description and the Meta Keywords Tags. These are the general rules you should follow when optimizing your title tag:
.. Use in your title maximum 3 keyword phrases and 100 characters
.. If possible , don’t use stop words like “a, and, or”
.. Avoid spam: don't repeat the same keyword in your title more than twice; it's considered spam. Also, some engines penalize for using all CAPS.

2. Meta Description tag

The META description tag describes your site's content, giving search engines' spiders an accurate summary filled with multiple keywords. The META description tag should contain multiple keywords organized in a logical sentence.

.. Place the keywords phrase at the beginning of your description to achieve the best possible ranking
.. Many SE's use this to describe your site so make sure you not only repeat each of your keyword phrases (max 3) at least once but make this a true representation of the page that the visitor will be viewing, and try to keep it under 255 chars

3. The Meta Keywords Tag

The meta keywords tag allows you to provide additional text for crawler-based search engines to index along with your body copy. How does this help you? Well, for most major crawlers, it doesn't. That's because most crawlers now ignore the tag. The meta keywords tag is sometimes useful as a way to reinforce the terms you think a page is important for on the few crawlers that support it. For instance, if you had a page about penis pills -- AND you say the words penis pills at various places in your body copy -- then mentioning the words "penis pills" in the meta keywords tag MIGHT help boost your page a bit higher for those words.
The meta keyword tag is also sometimes useful as a way to help your page come up for synonyms or unusual words that don't appear on the page itself. For instance, let's say you had a page all about penis exercises. You never actually say the word "enlargement" on this page. By having the word in your meta keywords tag, then you may help increase the odds of coming up if someone searched for "penis enlargement exercises" Of course you would greater increase the odds if you just used the word "enlargement" in the body copy of the page itself. You should include up to 25 words or phrases, with each word or phrase separated by commas.
There are some times when more code is necessary in your header, for example ,when using JAVA scripts or CSS (cascade style sheet) ; in this case it is best to use external files for java and css with extensions .js and .css.

4. Body text

This is what your surfers will actually see when coming to your site. There are many issues to consider when placing keywords in the text of your pages. Most search engines index the full text of each page, so it's vital to place keywords throughout your text. However, each search engine uses different ranking algorithms.
These are general rules that everyone should follow:
1. Make sure your main page have your main keywords. It has a higher chance of being indexed than your other pages, and it will be the only page indexed by some engines. Some engines rank a page high if it has at least 100 words, so make that your minimum. Directories include pages based on the quality of their content, so make sure your pages aren't simply lists of keywords.
2. The H1, H2...H6 tags are given special relevancy weight, and you should plan to integrate your keywords into your heading. You don't have to go extreme, just use one H1 for your most important keyword and two H2's - one for each of your secondary keyword phrases.
3. Bolding and italicizing your keywords at least once doesn’t hurt and actually gives you a very small boost (recommended, but don’t go bolding every keyword on the page)
4. When creating your content pages, keep the following four concepts in mind: Keyword prominence, proximity, density and frequency.
5. Keyword prominence - the best place to place keywords in the text is at the top of each page, preferably the main page. The closer your keywords are to the start of the page or the start of a sentence, the better. This concept is known as "keyword prominence." You'll frequently see it used to describe search engines' algorithms. Some engines also say the bottom of the page should contain keywords as well. Here is an example how search engines see your page. You have a page with the following links at top:
Home Services Contact
and this heading :
OUR DATING COMPANY IS OFERING THE BEST RATED DATING SERVICES
Now, you think you did a best job with the keyword “dating “at the top of your page. A search engine, however, sees your page this way:
Home Services Contact OUR DATING COMPANY IS OFERING THE BEST RATED DATING SERVICES


Now your keyword placement doesn't look as good as it did before. Try to place keyword-rich text at the very top of your page. If you are using images at the top of your page, make sure to include ALT tags, which are basically images' descriptions. Always add ALT tags to your images to make sure search engines recognize all the content on your site. ALT tags filled with keywords can also be used to boost your keyword frequency and help you achieve better rankings.
6. Keyword Proximity - some engines, such as Google, use the concept of "keyword proximity" as part of their ranking formulas. As suggested by the name, "keyword proximity" means the how close keywords are to each other. Put your keywords as close together as possible and make sure your sentences are clear.
Here's an example:
.. We have been selling weight loss products for over 3 years.
.. We have been selling products for weight loss for over 3 years.
In this case if someone should look for “weight loss products”, the first sentence will rank higher because its keywords are closer to each other.
7. Keyword Frequency - is a measure of the number of times keywords occur within a page's text. It's tied to the concept of keyword density. Search engines want to see more than one repetition of a keyword in your text to make sure it's not an isolated case. The recommended repetition is 3-7 times.
8. Keyword Density - the final point on visible text is keyword density. Simply stated, keyword density is the number of occurrences of a keyword divided by the total word count. For this, I try to keep my initial density to between 1-7%. However, this number may have to change depending on the level of competition. Also, be warned that the text used in anchors
< a href="page.html" >this is your anchor text < /a >
affects your density. Don't worry if your initial density is lower than that of your competitors as you will learn later in this article that there are many ways to affect your keyword density other than placing your keywords in your visible text.
9. Anchors and Links - anchor text is that portion of a hyperlink that is viewed by a user on a webpage (The Clickable text).The keywords in anchor text enhance the relevance of the target page pertaining to the keywords used. While the relevance of the page containing the anchor text is also enhanced to some degree (because of relevant keywords appearing on that page), the real gainer is the target page URL.
Use this knowledge to build the relevance of each page of your site, through optimized anchor text containing important keywords, relevant to the theme of such pages, from other pages of your site. The inclusion of important keywords in the anchor text can make a big difference in the final ranking of your site pages.

All search engines that matter, give significant weight to the anchor text on your pages.
For example, if your keywords phrase is “penis pills” and you have a link with anchor text “Read all about penis pills here” on a page , pointing to another page about penis pills the tendency is to link "here" to the anchor text content URL whereas the best way is to link “penis pills”. You can also locate (or insert) important keyword phrases in your page’s natural text and link it to relevant target pages of your site. The target page’s name should include in it, if possible, your keywords. This is how a hyperlink code looks like:
< a href=”target-page.html” >penis pills< /a >

10. Frames , Java scripts, Flash

About frames: DON’T USE THEM; they are not spiderable from the search engines. Regarding Java scripts and Flash do not use them excessively. The reason for this is that spiders cannot read JavaScript (or Flash) and thus any link or text created by such JavaScript will not be counted in your indexing and will produce a lost opportunity.
11. Navigation
The navigation structure of your site is important because it is through your navigation that the search engine spiders are able to access all of your web site's content. For sites with a small number of pages you should have every page of your site linked to every other page of your site. This can be done by having a left/right side menu or by putting a link to every other page on the bottom of your page. For sites with many pages it is advisable to include in directories the pages that are content related. For example, if you sell 10 different types of shoes and you also sell food and clothes you're probably not going to link the sport shoes page and the leather shoes page from the food page-but rather from the shoes page itself.
Off-page SEO (Link popularity)
Link popularity is the number of relevant quality inbound links pointing to your website. Most major search engines use link popularity as part of their algorithm which helps to determine the relevance of your website. If you don't have inbound links, you won't rank well for competitive keywords.

Ways to build link popularity

Link exchange
There are some very important aspects you should consider when exchanging links. The right way to exchange links is by finding quality, relevant sites with which to exchange links. These are the links that search engines care about. Convincing webmasters to exchange links with you isn’t easy, this is a time consuming process.
This is how it works: You search for sites that are in the same general topic area as yours (but not sites that compete directly). After you find a list of suitable link exchange partners, you place a link to their site on your site. Then you email the webmasters of the other sites and ask for a link exchange. Do not send generic copies of the same email to each webmaster however. Write a personalized email to the webmaster explaining what you liked about the site (be specific) and why you think a link exchange would benefit both parties.
Be sure to address the webmaster by name if at all possible. Also, be sure to give him your link exchange information. This should include the title of your site, a short description, and the URL that you want his site to link to (this doesn't have to be the home page). And be sure to include the URL of the page that already has his reciprocal link on it.
Be prepared for rejection for various reasons, this is normal so don't be discouraged you will also receive email accepting your proposal. Verify that your reciprocal link is in fact on their sites and then send a "thank you" email. Here are some keyword phrases (KW) you can type in Google for finding related sites:
"Add a link" + "your keyword" "Add a site" + "your keyword" "Add URL" + "your keyword" "Add an URL" + "your keyword" "Submit a link" + "your keyword" "Submit a site" + "your keyword(s)" "Submit URL" + "your keyword(s)" "Submit an URL" + "your keyword(s)" "Suggest a link" + "your keyword" "Suggest a site" + "your keywords" "Suggest URL" + "your keyword(s)" "Suggest an URL" + "your keyword" "your keywords" + "directory" "your keywords" + "directories" keyword reciprocal + directory keyword exchange + directory keyword add site + directory keyword resources + directory keyword links + directory

Building inbound links through reciprocal link exchanges is very powerful website promotional tool. If done correctly, increasing your linkage will:
.. increase your traffic significantly
.. improve your visibility in the search engines by raising your link popularity
.. provide an added resource to your website
.. save you a lot of advertising money
You can use Arelis or Optilink software to manage your link exchange campaign.
Allow other people to publish your e-zine on their web site.
Include your web site's ad and link in each issue you publish. This may also help you increase the number of people that subscribe to your e-zine.
Create a directory of web sites on a specific topic.
Give people the option of adding the directory to their web site by linking to it. Put your business ad at the top of the directory's home page
Offer a free e-book to your web site visitors.
The ebook should be related to your target audience. Allow them to give the e-book to their own web site visitors by linking directly to your web site.
Exchange content with other web sites.
You could trade articles, top ten lists, etc. Both parties could include a resource box at the end of the content.
Join or create a web ring.
A web ring is a group of web sites on a similar subject agreeing to link together. To find a web ring to join type keywords "web rings" into your search engine of choice.
Directory Submission
Directories are different from standard search engines in that a search engine will query a database of indexed websites before it produces results and a directory is a database of websites that have been arranged by subject.
Search engines put weight on the links coming from directories which is why is so important that you know how to submit you site. Remember, that your site must be optimized before submitting and not in different construction phases; otherwise it will be rejected from submission. For a correct submission select the most appropriate category related to the subject matter of the site and then submit, suggesting a title, description and any other information the directory may require. Also make sure you read their submission guidelines.
Here is a list of quality directories: Yahoo (299$ yearly fee), DMOZ (free), Jayde B2B Directory (free), GoGuides Directory (free), JoeAnt Directory (free), Business.com (99$), BlueFind Directory (40$), Zeal (free).

FFA pages and link exchange programs

DON’T USE THEM - Most search engines, such as Google says that FFA sites are an artificial and illegitimate way to increase link popularity. Google considers "link farms" spam, and will ban your site for participating in an FFA or link exchange program.

Gettinglinks for your website to increase search engine ranking

Links
Links are the most important element after content on the internet! Why? Because this is how the internet world is tied together – through links.
This guide will explain key factors about links and how to use them in the right way for acquiring good rankings in search engines.
Link campaigns
Every successful web site has to have links pointing to it. That’s the core principle of search engine rankings. So to gain visitors and rankings in search engines a link campaign must be planned and executed.
Where to get links
Links can be gained in several ways - the most popular are explained below.
Directories – are the best way to start working on your link campaign. There are hundreds of directories and many of them are free so it is good to start there. Some might require a backlink before accepting inclusion, some might require 5-20$ payment but in return will give 4 to 10 links to your website to different pages and with different link texts.
Forums and newsgroups – are another option for gaining links – all it takes is posting into related places and along with posts include also links to website. Links can be integrated in signature or also in part of reply if there is appropriate information.
Blogs – are a great solution to give its owner total control over content and links. As a lot of blogging companies offer blogs for free it just makes sense to create them and use for link creation and building a network of sites around central website, however these blog sites have to be linked by other external sites.
Articles and press releases – represent a very powerful strategy for getting one way links as well as an instant stream of extra visitors if the article is republished by some online or offline medium. Places to submit articles:

http://www.newswiretoday.com
http://www.prleap.com
http://www.freepressrelease.co.uk
http://www.prweb.com
http://www.ezinearticles.com http://www.goarticles.com http://www.articlecity.com http://www.a1articles.com http://www.ideamarketers.com http://www.searchwarp.com http://www.isnare.com/ http://www.amazines.com http://www.articledepot.co.uk http://www.articledashboard.com http://www.easyarticles.com http://www.articlebin.com http://www.articlebeach.com http://www.articlehub.com http://www.articlegarden.com http://www.articlesphere.com http://www.articlealley.com http://www.articlesfactory.com http://www.articlewise.com http://www.articlegeek.com http://www.writeyourarticles.com http://www.media13.com http://www.submityournewarticle.com http://www.article-hut.com http://www.bharatbhasha.com http://www.article-spot.com http://www.articlefusion.com http://www.article-planet.com http://www.valuablecontent.com http://www.theallineed.com http://www.articletrader.com http://www.articleworld.net http://www.certificate.net http://www.articlepoint.com http://www.alumbo.com http://www.reprintarticles.com http://www.free-articles-zone.com http://www.articlefinders.com http://www.articlejoe.com http://www.articleson.com http://www.article-hangout.com http://www.linksnoop.com http://www.fresh-articles.com http://www.stickyarticle.com http://www.article-content-king.com http://www.articlematrix.com http://www.publisherscloninghouse.com/ http://www.linkgrinder.com http://www.rectonet.com http://www.anyarticles.com



DMOZ and Yahoo directories – these two are very powerful in eyes of search engines – also called trusted sites. Link from any of these will assure search engines that your site should be high quality. However, it is quite tricky to get in free DMOZ especially if it is a 13 page affiliate site with links and banners everywhere. The same applies to Yahoo as well as 300$ to 600$ nonrefundable fee to review your site for inclusion which won’t guarantee inclusion.
Link exchange – most popular way for gaining huge numbers of links and improve site rankings. Only disadvantages that reciprocal links are worth less than one way links.
Link networks – stay away from these. Getting 500 links in one day is a sure way to get penalized by search engines.

Link gaining speed

The speed of links appearing in a website is used for several spam prevention filters invented by search engines. For a new website it wouldn’t be advisable to get more than 100 links in the first month. This mean 2-3 links a day as an optimum way for first month.
Why? Because site has to grow slowly as it would do naturally.
Next month the number of links can be grown at speed of 3-5 links per day.
On third month up to 5-10 links a day can be added.
For older sites that already have a good reputation and have PageRank of 4 or more and 500+ links, the speed can be faster - 10-30 links a day.
It is important to add links to internal sections/pages and add new content constantly as the link campaign is being executed.


Anchor text

is very important as it is directly responsible to what keywords site will be ranking in search engines. However, they have to be selected wisely.
If most incoming links to your site has anchor text “Zoo” then it is 100% likely that the site won’t rank for “Gardening” keywords as it is optimized for “Zoo”. This means that website owner have to select correct keywords.
Once a niche is selected, it is important to understand that there are heavy keywords and easy (low searched keywords). For example, selecting “weight loss” as the keyword to optimize for would be very unproductive as there are very serious competitors.
It is recommended to select less searched keywords with less competition, in this example, it would be easier to target “weight loss pills”, but even this is competitive. Your real keywords should start like this:

weight loss diet pills
best weight loss pills
weight loss pills review
herbal weight loss pills
natural weight loss pills

Although these keywords could receive only couple hundred searches a month, it is quite important to start with them as they represent the very bottom (long tail) and have little competition in search engines.
One important thing to mention is that all these keywords have word “weight loss” in them. So the site will rank for many keywords and as link numbers increase, the site will gradually move up in rankings for all these keywords. In 3 to 6 months site could have established quite strong positions for some moderate searched keywords.

Link relevancy
Nowadays situation relevancy is taking an even higher importance than ever. Engines take a serious look at not only what PageRank and reputation the site has, but also the topic the site is about
For example, if page “Weight loss pills” links to website “Programming”, this will be interpreted as bad and a low quality link that won’t offer as much benefit as if the link were on the same or a familiar topic.
The more links from relevant topic pages - the better.
Link proportions
There are lots of rumors about what link proportions a website should have. How many links should be one-way and how many of them can be reciprocal?
Answer is simple – the more one way links to website the better! 20, 30, 50, 90, 100%!
Why? Simply put – the more one way links the more valuable the site is and the better reputation it has.
If reciprocal linking is used heavily, the engines can minimize the value of them. Another thing is that link partners take away a portion of PageRank.
Exit links per page
A common mistake many webmasters make is having lots of exit links to partner and affiliate sites. Sometimes it leads to 10 or more exit links per page which is bad from two aspects. Search engines can see this page as some sort of spam, and these many exit links take away valuable PageRank and minimize the possibility to rank well in search engines.
A simple solution is to minimizing the exit links and use them more effective. There is no need to have 25 links in one article whenever the product name is mentioned.
The same applies to link exchanges – there is no need to have on all pages links to partner pages. It is quite enough to create a separate page for this purpose and keep them there.


Exit links to other sites
The fact is that Google engineers say that it is normal to have one way links to a website as well as one way exit links to other websites (this means – the site that receives the link doesn’t have to link back). This makes sense since as there can be websites that are related and enhance the visitor experience or as references but once again don’t overdo. Several links are okay but too many again looks bad and can harm your website.
Final word
Add content and add links. Start slowly and as time goes on – increase the speed and keep adding content. Remember to link to the homepage as well as to internal pages or categories as well as getting one way and reciprocal links. Use a large number of keywords in your links and don’t overdo it with exit links, especially affiliate links per page. In no time the site will be driving steady stream of visitors and growing as you keep promoting it.