dietary supplements, herbal remedies A-G

AGED GARLIC EXTRACT (KYOLIC)
Garlic is well known for its myriad health benefi ts and its strong odour. Aged garlic
extract is unique in that it is odourless, processed from organically grown garlic,
standardized to potent sulphur compounds, and is the most widely researched garlic
product available. Studies have shown that aged garlic extract provides benefi ts
for heart protection, liver detoxifi cation, immune enhancement, antioxidant activity,
stress management, fatigue, cancer protection, and anti-aging.
ALOE VERA
Aloe vera is a plant that has a long history of use to promote skin healing. It contains
amino aids, vitamins C and E, zinc, and essential fatty acids. Research supports the
use of topical aloe for genital herpes (to improve healing of lesions), seborrhea, and
psoriasis; preliminary research shows benefi ts with oral aloe to improve blood sugar
in type 2 diabetes and for treatment of ulcerative colitis.


ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID
Alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant found inside every cell of the body, helps the body
convert glucose into energy to meet the body’s needs, and is found naturally in
liver, yeast, potatoes, spinach, and red meat. Levels may be depleted in those with
diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and atherosclerosis. It is used to improve glucose levels in
diabetes, treat diabetic neuropathy, and for burning mouth syndrome. Side effects are
rare and may include skin rash and upset stomach.
ARGININE
An amino acid found in many foods, such as dairy, meat, poultry, and fi sh, arginine
is involved in cell division, wound healing, removal of ammonia from the body,
immunity to illness, the secretion of hormones, and the production of nitrous oxide,
a substance the dilates blood vessels. Research supports its use for congestive
heart failure, intermittent claudication, angina, impotence, and sexual dysfunction
in women; preliminary evidence shows benefi ts for diabetes and improving recovery
from surgery.
BETA-GLUCAN
A type of soluble fi bre found naturally in plants such as oats, wheat, and barley, betaglucan
is also available in supplements. Studies have shown that beta-glucan can
modestly improve cholesterol levels; it may also reduce blood pressure and improve
blood sugar levels in diabetics. There are no known side effects or drug interactions.
BLACK COHOSH (REMIFEMIN)
Black cohosh is an herb used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms; studies
show that it can reduce hot fl ashes and improve mood. Research involving black cohosh,
plus St. John’s wort, has shown benefi ts for both hot fl ashes and depression in
menopause. Do not use during pregnancy or breast-feeding; use cautiously with liver
disease. High doses may cause upset stomach, nausea, and headache.
BOSWELLIA
An herb with long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine, boswellia is used for arthritis,
respiratory diseases, and diarrhea. Its anti-infl ammatory properties have been studied
and found benefi cial for the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, asthma, and
infl ammatory bowel disease. It is generally well tolerated; there are no known drug
interactions.
BREWER’S YEAST
A product derived from dried, pulverized cells of the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
brewer’s yeast is a rich source of B-vitamins, protein, and minerals such as
chromium. Supplements are used to treat acute diarrhea and to lower cholesterol and
improve blood sugar balance in diabetics. Side effects are rare, but some people are
allergic to brewer’s yeast.

BROMELAIN
Bromelain is a combination of protein-digesting enzymes (called proteolytic enzymes)
found in pineapple juice and in the stem of pineapple plants. It is used to
reduce infl ammation, treat sinusitis, improve healing from injuries, and support immune
function. Side effects are rare, but allergic reactions are possible. It may thin
the blood; use cautiously with blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin, as dosage
adjustments may be necessary.
BUTCHER’S BROOM
Butcher’s broom is an herb with a long history of use as a diuretic and for urinary
problems. Research has demonstrated benefi ts for reducing the pain, swelling, and
fatigue associated with chronic venous insuffi ciency; it may also be helpful for hemorrhoids,
varicose veins, and lymphedema. It is generally well tolerated; there are no
known drug interactions.
CARNITINE
Carnitine is an amino acid that the body uses to turn fat into energy. Levels may be
depleted in those with kidney, liver, or brain disease, and in those taking anti-seizure
drugs such as phenytoin and valproic acid. Research supports benefi ts for angina,
intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, heart attack recovery, diabetic
neuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and male sexual function and
infertility. Carnitine is very safe and well tolerated, but should be used cautiously in
those with low thyroid hormone.
CAYENNE
Cayenne is a pepper that is part of the capsicum family. Creams containing cayenne
are used to reduce pain (arthritis, strains, sprains, fi bromyalgia, back pain, headache,
and shingles); it helps to reduce the itching caused by psoriasis and the symptoms
of neuropathy; it may reduce the stomach irritation caused by non-steroidal anti-infl
ammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Wash your hands after applying this cream because it
can cause burning and stinging if you rub your eyes. Oral cayenne may increase the
absorption of theophylline, a drug used for asthma and lung disease.
CELADRIN
Celadrin is a patented blend of esterifi ed fatty acids derived from beef tallow. Studies
show benefi ts for reducing the pain and infl ammation associated with osteoarthritis;
it may also benefi t other infl ammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, eczema,
psoriasis, and gout. There are no known drug interactions or side effects. It is
available in cream and oral supplements.
CHAMOMILE
An herb popular for its calming properties, chamomile is found in teas, oral supplements,
and creams. It is used orally (tea and supplements) to reduce anxiety and
promote relaxation. Topical products are used to promote healing. Compounds in
chamomile have blood-thinning properties, so it should be used cautiously by those
taking warfarin or other blood thinners, as dosage adjustments may be necessary.
CHONDROITIN SULPHATE
Chondroitin sulphate is a naturally occurring substance in the body that is a major
constituent of cartilage, the connective tissue found in joints. Oral supplements are
used to reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis (improve mobility and reduce pain); it
may also reduce the progression of the disease. Topically it is used to improve wound
healing. It is usually well tolerated, although high doses may cause upset stomach.
COENZYME Q10
Coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant naturally found in our bodies, is involved in energy
production in every cell. Strong evidence supports supplement use for congestive
heart failure; it is also used for high blood pressure, heart attack recovery, mitral
valve prolapse, cardiomyopathy, gum disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and
migraine headache. Levels may be depleted by statin drugs, beta-blockers, and antidepressants.
Defi ciency causes fatigue, gum disease, heart problems, and increased
risk of infections.
COLOSTRUM
Colostrum, a component of breast milk, is produced during the fi rst day or two after
birth. It provides newborns with a rich mixture of antibodies and growth factors.
Supplements are derived from cow colostrums and are used for immune support,
diarrhea, and in sports products.
CRAN-MAX
Cran-Max is a whole-berry cranberry supplement that has been found in studies to prevent
urinary tract infections. Cranberry contains antioxidants called proanthocyanidins
(condensed tannins). Cranberry juice and supplements may also help lower cholesterol
and protect against gum disease and H. Pylori infection (the cause of ulcers).
CREATINE
Creatine is a naturally occurring substance that plays an important role in the production
of energy in the body. Several studies have shown that creatine can increase
athletic performance in sports that involve intense but short bursts of activity. It may
also offer benefi ts for weight training and to prevent muscle loss in seniors. Side
effects include diarrhea and muscle cramping. It should be avoided by those with
kidney disease.
D-GLUCARATE
A supplemental form of glucaric acid, which is a phytonutrient found in fruits and
vegetables (apples, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cabbage), D-glucarate helps the
liver detoxify and eliminate excess hormones (particularly estrogen); it is used for the
treatment of PMS, fi brocystic breast disease, uterine fi broids, and other conditions of estrogen excess; it is also used for prevention of hormone-dependent cancers of the breast and prostate. There are no known side effects; there are no known drug interactions. However, many drugs are metabolized in the liver and D-glucarate may enhance the elimination of certain drugs, requiring dosage adjustments.

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Digestive enzymes are protein compounds that aid in the breakdown and digestion
of food. They are found naturally in raw foods and produced by the body. There are
three classes: proteolytic enzymes digest protein, lipases digest fat, and amylases digest
carbohydrates. Supplements are used to aid digestion; some people are defi cient
in digestive enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes may also help reduce pain and infl ammation
from injuries, osteoarthritis, and surgery. Side effects and allergic reactions are
rare.
DIOSMIN
Diosmin is a fl avonoid that improves the tone and strength of the blood vessels, reduces
swelling, fi ghts free-radical damage, and stimulates lymphatic fl ow. Over 30
clinical studies have found it effective for improving vein disorders, including varicose
veins, chronic venous insuffi ciency, nighttime leg cramps, and hemorrhoids. It
has a quick onset of action (one to two weeks) and is not associated with any side
effects or drug interactions. Look for a product standardized to 95 percent diosmin
and 5 percent hesperidin.
ECHINACEA
Echinacea is an herb that supports immune function. Most studies have found that
it shortens the duration of colds and fl us and may halt a cold if it is taken at the fi rst
sign of symptoms, but is not effective as a preventative. Side effects are rare; it is not
recommended for those with autoimmune disorders such as lupus. Allergic reactions
may occur, especially in those with sensitivity to the daisy family.
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
Obtained from the seeds of the primrose plant, evening primrose oil provides a rich
source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is an omega-6 fatty acid. It has anti-infl
ammatory properties and is important for brain function. Research supports benefi ts
for the treatment of arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, eczema and dry skin, fi brocystic
breast disease, and Raynaud’s disease. Side effects (upset stomach) are rare.
FENUGREEK
Fenugreek, an herb used as a medicine and spice for thousands of years in India and
Egypt, aids lactation, wound treatment, bronchitis, digestive problems, arthritis, and
kidney problems. Studies show that it can reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels
in diabetics; it may also relieve constipation. It is usually well tolerated; high doses
may cause upset stomach. It is not recommended during pregnancy. Diabetics may
require adjustment in therapy, as fenugreek can lower blood sugar levels.

FEVERFEW
Feverfew is a plant extract that is used for headache prevention. The main active component,
parthenolide, prevents platelet clumping and inhibits the release of serotonin
and infl ammatory chemicals. Several studies have shown that it can reduce the severity,
duration, and frequency of migraine headaches; it is not effective as a treatment
once a headache occurs. It is well tolerated; there are no known drug interactions.
FISH OIL
Fish oil is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acids DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), which have anti-infl ammatory effects. DHA is important
for brain function, vision, and joint health. EPA supports immune function,
blood clotting, and circulation. Numerous studies have shown that fi sh oil can reduce
the risk of heart attack and stroke; it lowers triglycerides, raises HDL (good) cholesterol,
reduces clotting, lowers homocysteine, and may reduce blood pressure. Some
research suggests benefi ts for rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual pain, depression, bipolar
disorder, attention defi cit disorder, and Raynaud’s disease. Side effects are rare;
some supplements cause fi shy burps.
5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN (5-HTP)
5-HTP is an amino acid that the body uses to make serotonin, a brain chemical that
regulates mood, sleep, appetite, pain sensation, and sexual behaviour. Research shows
benefi ts for depression, migraine headaches, weight loss, insomnia, and fi bromyalgia.
Side effects are rare or minor (upset stomach). Use cautiously with Parkinson’s
drugs, antidepressants, and drugs that affect serotonin.
FLAXSEED OIL
Flaxseed oil provides both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The oil is used to reduce
infl ammation, improve circulation, and for dry skin; however, there is less research to
support its proposed health benefi ts, compared to fi sh oils. Whole fl axseeds are taken for
their laxative benefi ts. Milled fl axseed provides the benefi cial oils, fi bre, and lignans (phytoestrogens)
that may help in cancer prevention. Flaxseed is generally well tolerated.
FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES (FOS)
These are short chains of fructose molecules that occur naturally in foods and are
also put into supplements. The body cannot digest these substances, but they serve
as a food for probiotics (friendly bacteria) in the digestive tract, so are known as
prebiotics. Some research shows that FOS lower triglycerides, and preliminary evidence
shows benefi ts for digestion and intestinal health. FOS may cause bloating,
fl atulence, and upset stomach at doses of 15 g or higher.
GINGER
Ginger is a plant that is used as a spice and therapeutically as an herbal medicine.
Research shows benefi ts for nausea associated with pregnancy, motion sickness, and
upset stomach. There are no signifi cant side effects.
Reference Guide to Dietary Supplements, Herbal Remedies, and Branded Ingredients | 59
GINKGO BILOBA
Ginkgo biloba, a plant, has a long history of use. Ginkgo has undergone extensive research
for a variety of health conditions. It is an antioxidant, improves blood circulation
by dilating blood vessels, and reduces the stickiness of blood platelets. Research supports
benefi ts for Alzheimer’s disease, improving memory and cognitive function, and
treatment of intermittent claudication and anxiety. Preliminary research shows benefi ts
for macular degeneration, PMS, Raynaud’s disease, and vertigo. Side effects are rare
and minor (upset stomach, headaches, and skin reactions); it may enhance the bloodthinning
effect of anticoagulants, so dosage adjustments may be necessary.
GINSENG, AMERICAN AND ASIAN
American and Asian ginseng are very similar in composition and properties. Ginseng
has adaptogen properties (helps the body deal with stress, whether physical or emotional)
and enhances immune function. Research supports benefi ts for strengthening
immunity from colds, fl us, and other infections, improving physical performance and
a sense of well-being, and enhancing mental function. Preliminary research shows
benefi ts for erectile dysfunction, improving blood sugar control in diabetics, enhancing
fertility, and the treatment of attention-defi city hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Ginseng may enhance the blood sugar-lowering effects of insulin or diabetic medications
and may decrease the effect of blood-thinning drugs. It is generally well
tolerated, but there are some reports of nervousness, insomnia, and upset stomach.
Use cautiously with uncontrolled high blood pressure. It is not recommended during
pregnancy, breast-feeding, or by those with breast cancer.

GINSENG, SIBERIAN
Also known as Eleuthero, Siberian ginseng is not a true ginseng, but has some similar
properties as an adaptogen. It is commonly used to support immune function, mental
acuity, and athletic performance and to help reduce the effects of stress. Side effects
may include upset stomach, insomnia, and increased blood pressure. It is not recommended
for those with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
GLUCOSAMINE
Glucosamine occurs naturally in the body and is a building block used to manufacture
components of cartilage, the material that cushions joints. Numerous studies
have found that it can improve osteoarthritis symptoms (joint pain, mobility); it may
also prevent the progression of the disease. Preliminary research suggests possible
benefi ts for irritable bowel syndrome. It is well tolerated, but may cause mild upset
stomach.
GRAPE SEED EXTRACT
Grape seed extract is a source of potent antioxidants called proanthocyanidins, also
known as oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), a type of fl avonoid.
Research supports benefi ts for chronic venous insuffi ciency, varicose veins, prevention
of blood clots while fl ying, and reducing post-surgical edema. Preliminary

research suggests benefi ts for ADHD, PMS, erectile dysfunction, asthma, allergies,
hemorrhoids, and prevention of atherosclerosis. It is very well tolerated, but may
cause minor upset stomach. It may enhance the effect of blood-thinning drugs.
GREEN TEA
Green tea is derived from the plant Camellia sinensis. Unlike black and oolong tea,
it is not fermented, which preserves the active constituents. It provides a high level
of antioxidants called polyphenols, particularly the catechin called epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG). It is used for heart health, cancer prevention, cervical dysplasia,
weight loss, liver disease, and gum health. Green tea contains caffeine, but less so
than black tea and coffee. Side effects are rare; large amounts may cause insomnia
and nervousness.